案例教学法、PBL教学法在实习教学中的应用

目的研究分析案例教学、PBL教学法在实习教学中的应用效果。方法选取2019年2月—2020年1月,共80名实习生在本院肿瘤内科实习,遵循计算机随机分组法将实习生分为甲组、乙组,每组40例实习生。甲组实习过程中实施传统教学法+PBL教学法,乙组实习过程中实施案例教学+PBL教学法,在两组实习生实习完毕后,采集相关数据并进行比较分析。分别实施传统教学法+PBL教学法、案例教学+PBL教学法,并进行比较分析。结果乙组笔试成绩、临床操作成绩、教学效果优于甲组(P<0.05)。结论在肿瘤内科实习生教学过程中采用案例教学法联合PBL教学法,可有效提高实习生的自主学习能力,可促使实习生主动参与学习,深入研究分析,深入理解所学知识,可有效提高实习生的理论、实践能力。     

Clustering clinical models from local electronic health records based on semantic similarity

BackgroundClinical models in electronic health records are typically expressed as templates which support the multiple clinical workflows in which the system is used. The templates are often designed using local rather than standard information models and terminology, which hinders semantic interoperability. Semantic challenges can be solved by harmonizing and standardizing clinical models. However, methods supporting harmonization based on existing clinical models are lacking. One approach is to explore semantic similarity estimation as a basis of an analytical framework. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop and apply methods for intrinsic similarity-estimation based analysis that can compare and give an overview of multiple clinical models.MethodFor a similarity estimate to be intrinsic it should be based on an established ontology, for which SNOMED CT was chosen. In this study, Lin similarity estimates and Sokal and Sneath similarity estimates were used together with two aggregation techniques (average and best-match-average respectively) resulting in a total of four methods. The similarity estimations are used to hierarchically cluster templates. The test material consists of templates from Danish and Swedish EHR systems. The test material was used to evaluate how the four different methods perform.Result and discussionThe best-match-average aggregation technique performed better in terms of clustering similar templates than the average aggregation technique. No difference could be seen in terms of the choice of similarity estimate in this study, but the finding may be different for other datasets. The dendrograms resulting from the hierarchical clustering gave an overview of the templates and a basis of further analysis.ConclusionHierarchical clustering of templates based on SNOMED CT and semantic similarity estimation with best-match-average aggregation technique can be used for comparison and summarization of multiple templates. Consequently, it can provide a valuable tool for harmonization and standardization of clinical models.     

Cognitive interviewing to improve women's empowerment questions in surveys: Application to the health and nutrition and intrahousehold relationships modules for the project‐level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index

In 2015, the United Nations adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, which include fostering gender equality and women's empowerment and ending hunger and malnutrition. To monitor progress and evaluate programmes that aim to achieve these goals, survey instruments are needed that can accurately assess related indicators. The project‐level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro‐WEAI) is being developed to address the need for an instrument that is sensitive to changes in empowerment over the duration of an intervention. The pro‐WEAI includes new modules with previously untested survey questions, including a health and nutrition module (focused on women's agency in this area) and an intrahousehold relationships module. This study uses cognitive interviewing to identify how new survey questions might be misinterpreted and to understand what experiences women are referencing when they respond to these questions. This was undertaken with the goal of informing revision to the modules. The study was conducted in Bangladesh with women from nuclear, extended, and migrant‐sending households and from two regions of the country to identify difficulties with interpretation and response formulation across these groups. Findings revealed that questions were generally understood, but participants occasionally responded to the wrong part of the question, did not understand key phrases, or were uncomfortable with questions. The findings also suggested ways to revise the modules and strengthen the pro‐WEAI. The revised pro‐WEAI health and nutrition and intrahousehold relationships modules will advance the ability to measure changes in these domains and their relationship with the health and nutritional status of women and their children.     

改良纤维板剥脱术对慢性结核性脓胸患者围手术期临床指标、肺功能及术后并发症的影响

目的探讨改良纤维板剥脱术对慢性结核性脓胸患者围手术期临床指标、肺功能及术后并发症的影响。方法选取慢性结核性脓胸患者140例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(70例)和试验组(70例),分别常规纤维板剥脱术和改良纤维板剥脱术治疗。比较两组患者围手术期临床指标,术后肺活量(VC)和最大通气量(MVV)增加量及术后胸腔再次感染率等。结果两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后24 h引流量、引流管放置时间及住院时间等围手术期临床指标比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);试验组患者治疗后VC和MVV增加量均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者术后胸腔再次感染率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论改良纤维板剥脱术治疗慢性结核性脓胸患者可有效改善肺功能,且未对围手术期临床指标及术后并发症产生明显影响,具有临床应用价值。     

中医皮肤病学临床教学方法的探索

在中医皮肤病学临床教学中，注意更新教学观念, 坚持以学生为中心, 强调教育目的是培养学员的自学习惯、自学能力和终生学习的理念。教师在充分利用现代科技条件、加强师生互动、启发学习兴趣下，采用将多媒体教学、以案例为基础的教学法（case-based learning, CBL）、角色扮演教学法、皮肤基本损害为中心的教学方法等多种教学方法相结合，并利用好微课、微信等现代公共平台和技术，充分发挥教师与学生的主观能动性。课后善于回顾及反思，互相交流，总结经验。     

Double S-Curve Versus Cusp-Overlap Technique: Defining the Optimal Fluoroscopic Projection for TAVR With a Self-Expanding Device

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess the concordance between transcatheter aortic valve implantation angles generated by the “double S-curve” and “cusp-overlap” techniques.BackgroundThe “double S-curve” and “cusp-overlap” methods aim to define optimal fluoroscopic projections for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with a self-expandable device.MethodsThe study included 100 consecutive patients undergoing TAVR with self-expanding device planned by multidetector computed tomography. TAVR was performed using the double S-curve model, as a view in which both the aortic valve annulus and delivery catheter planes are displayed perpendicularly on fluoroscopy. Optimal projection according to the cusp-overlap technique was retrospectively generated by overlapping the right and left cups on the multidetector computed tomography annular plane. The angular difference between methods was assessed in spherical 3 dimensions and on the left and right anterior oblique (RAO) and cranial and caudal (CAU) axes.ResultsThe double S-curve and cusp-overlap methods provided views located in the same quadrant, mostly the RAO and CAU, in 92% of patients with a median 3-dimensional angular difference of 10.0° (interquartile range: 5.5° to 17.9°). The 3-dimensional deviation between the average angulation obtained by each method was not statistically significant (1.49°; p = 0.349). No significant differences in average coordinates were noted between the double S-curve and cusp-overlap methods (RAO: 14.7 ± 15.2 vs. 12.9 ± 12.5; p = 0.36; and CAU: 27.0 ± 9.4 vs. 26.9 ± 10.4; p = 0.90). TAVR using the double S-curve was associated with 98% device success, low complication rate, and absence of moderate-to-severe paravalvular leak.ConclusionsThe double S-curve and cusp-overlap methods provide comparable TAVR projections, mostly RAO and CAU. TAVR using the double S-curve model is associated with a high rate of device success and low rate of procedural complications.     

Test–retest repeatability of [18F]Flortaucipir PET in Alzheimer’s disease and cognitively normal individuals

The aim of this study was to investigate the test–retest (TRT) repeatability of various parametric quantification methods for [¹⁸F]Flortaucipir positron emission tomography (PET). We included eight subjects with dementia or mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease and six cognitively normal subjects. All underwent two 130-min dynamic [¹⁸F]Flortaucipir PET scans within 3 ± 1 weeks. Data were analyzed using reference region models receptor parametric mapping (RPM), simplified reference tissue method 2 (SRTM2) and reference logan (RLogan), as well as standardized uptake value ratios (SUVr, time intervals 40–60, 80–100 and 110–130 min post-injection) with cerebellar gray matter as reference region. We obtained distribution volume ratio or SUVr, first for all brain regions and then in three tau-specific regions-of-interest (ROIs). TRT repeatability (%) was defined as |retest–test|/(average (test + retest)) × 100. For all methods and across ROIs, TRT repeatability ranged from (median (IQR)) 0.84% (0.68–2.15) to 6.84% (2.99–11.50). TRT repeatability was good for all reference methods used, although semi-quantitative models (i.e. SUVr) performed marginally worse than quantitative models, for instance TRT repeatability of RPM: 1.98% (0.78–3.58) vs. SUVr_80–100: 3.05% (1.28–5.52), p < 0.001. Furthermore, for SUVr_80–100 and SUVr_110–130, with higher average SUVr, more variation was observed. In conclusion, while TRT repeatability was good for all models used, quantitative methods performed slightly better than semi-quantitative methods.